RECRUITMENT OF TEHSIL WELFARE OFFICER GROUP B PUNJAB

Name of Post - Recruitment of tehsil welfare officer ( Group B )

Pay Scale - 10300-34800+4200 Grade pay

No of Posts - 43

Website - Department of Welfare of SCs and BCs

Online application - 15.09.2014

Last date of registration - 07.10.2014

Last date for online fee payment - 10.10.2014

Date of examination -

Age limit - 18 - 38 for general, +5 for SCs and BCs.

Qualifications - Graduation + Punjabi passed in matric.

Exam pattern - Objective type. 100 mcqs.

Time duration - 2 hrs

Selection procedure - Only written test.


TOPICS

• Mental ability, reasoning and arithematic - 45
• Computer basics - 15
• General knowledge - 30
• English - 5
• Punjabi - 5

Negative marking -0.25

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• Computer Awareness
• Punjab History

PUNJAB HISTORY - SIKH EMPIRE TIMELINE

1710-1716 - Baba Banda Singh Bahadur defeated the mughals and declared the khalsa rule.

1716-1738 - Turbulence, No real ruler. Mughals tried to rule for 2 decades but sikhs got engaged in guerilla warfare.

1733-1735 - The khalsa accepts only to reject the confederal status given by mughals.

1748-1767 - Invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali ( Durrani ).

1763-1774 - Charat Singh shukerchakia, Misldar of shukerchakia misl established himself in gujaranwala.

1764-1783 - Baba Bhagel Singh, Misldar of karor singh misl, conquered the delhi and surroundings and imposed taxes on mughals.

1773- Ahmed Shah Abdali dies and his son timur shah launches several invasions into punjab.

1774-1790 - Maha singh becomes misldar of shukerchakia misl.

1790-1801 - Ranjit singh becomes misldar of shukerchakia misl.

1801-27th june 1839 - Reign of maharaja ranjit singh.

27th June 1839 - 5th November 1840 - Reign of maharaja kharak singh.

5th November 1840-18 January 1841 - Chand kaur was reagent briefly.

18th January 1841-15th September 1843 - Reign f Maharaja sher singh.

May 1841- August 1842 - Sino sikh war.

15th September 1843-31th March 1849 - Reign of maharaja duleep singh.

1845-1846 - First Anglo Sikh war.

1848-1849 - Second Anglo Sikh war.

PUNJAB HISTORY - SECOND ANGLO SIKH WAR

Severe loss in the first anglo sikh war battle gave severe blow to both the british and the sikhs. But being won overwelmed the victory and the sikhs tried to find reasons responsible for the loss being unsatisfied. This impatience lead to another series of events called the second anglo sikh war.


CAUSES

• Sikhs realized that the treachery of their leaders, tej singh and maan singh was one of the main reason.
• Interference of british in their culture as henry lawrence brought series of social reforms.
• Removal of rani jindan from lahore to sheikhpura.
• Social reforms introduced by british neglecting the old customs.
• Revolt of dewan mulraj of multan.

STORY

• After the defeat in first anglo sikh war their hold on territories decreased.
• Dewan mulraj the governor of multan started behaving independent and wanted to pass his power to his son.
• To remove Mulraj sikh kahan singh maan was sent with two british officers.
• But secretly lord dalhousie and sir currie waited for this revolt to be generally recognized by the sikhs so that  this time when they attack they are able to uproot them completely.
• On the instigation of caption abott chattar singh the gvernor of hazara raised the revolt with his son sher singh taking side of mulraj.
• Finally lord dalhousie declared general war and complete control.
• lord Gough crossed ravi and fought sher singh.
• bloodshed battle at chittianwala between sikhs and british and resulted in heavy loss to british.
• Battle of gujrat was decisive and sikhs banded with afghan forces led by akram khan lost.
• british rule was established.

PUNJAB HISTORY - FIRST ANGLO SIKH WAR

During the mid nineteenth century fierce battles were fought in the punjab region. After having the control over Delhi the british wanted to take in possession the punjab and afgan states with the policy of Divide and Rule. This led to a series of wars between sikhs and the brtish so as to take control of the punjab region.

CAUSE OF THE WAR

• British hidden policy of surrounding the punjab region.
• Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• Civil war and anarchy.
• Afghan wars and sind annexation b the british.
• Possession of areas near satluj by british.
• Provocation of british by Rani Jindan.
• Hot headed Major Broadfoot replaced Richmond.
• Military preparations by the british, consequently sikhs crossed satluj.

STORY

• Sikh army led by general Lal Singh crossed satluj river. British army was led by Sir Hughe Gough arrived at mudki. Fierce battle was fought between them. Lal singh treacherously left the field.
• Failure of sikh leadership led to loss of battle at ferozeshah. 
• Both sides suffered huge losses.
• Ranjodh Singh Majithia attacked and won the battle at buddowal.
• But the british acted soon and won the battle in aliwal.
• Last battle was fought at sabraon and was decisive. British won the battle.

TREATY OF LAHORE

• British got the sovereignty and rights.
• Maharaja agreed to disband the mutinous troops.
• Rani jindan and her son were recognised and given the state.
• Free passage to british troops was agreed.
• Kashmir and hill states were given to dogra raja gulab singh.

TREATY OF BHYROWAL

• British were given the soul responsibility to look after the state with their forces.

PUNJAB HISTORY - TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE OF 16TH CENTURY AND MUGHAL RULE ESTABLISHED

In 16th century start punjab was ruled by the LODIS. Sikander Lodhi ruled from 1500-1517. He was a monarch but was a simple and benevolent ruler. He showed intolerance towards religion and destroyed the temples of hindus.

Ibrahim lodhi ruled from 1517- 1526. He was unpopular and tactless ruler. So he was a failure in keeping a check on his nobles.

Punjab was split into subas ( Provinces ) - Lahore, Multan, Dialpur, Sirhind and Sultanpur.

Tatar khan was appointed as the governor of punjab by sikander lodhi. After the death of tatar khan, his son became the governor of punjab. During the reign of ibrahim lodhi, daulat khan conspired to carve out punjab independent of lodhis rule.

The persons responsile for the struggle were Babur, Daulat khan and Alam khan( Anwaruddin Lodhi, ibrahims uncle and afgan noble ).

STORY

• Daulat khan became hostile and started controlling his province independently without asking ibrahim lodhi.
• Ibrahim summoned him.
• Daulat khan sent his son Dilawar whom was detained by Lodhi.
• Dilawar fled. Now he was sent toBabur by his father to join hands against Lodhi.
• Babur attacked and won ( Trgedy of Sayyidpur ).
• Daulat khan was made the governor again but for a lesser part than he thought of. So he revolted.
• This led to Babars final and fifth conquest to punjab and delhi.
• Finally babur attacked and defeated daulat khan and his control on delhi was established. 
• In this way Mughal rule as established in india.

PUNJAB HISTORY - AKALI MOVEMENT

In the 1920s punjab saw  new face of revolt against the corrupt british government. The movement was basically a result of AWAKENED MIDDLE CLASS.

Belonging to Udasi sect of sikhs, there was a group of people called Mahants whom were the temple holders. With the supprt from british and corrupt environment due to the british these mahants grew into feudal lords. They had a monopoly of being the only ones taking care of the gurudwaras.

So, to bring the possession of temples under the control of sikh community akali movement was launched with a sole religious purpose.

Akali movement followed the principles of nonviolence as demonstrated by the noncooperation movement led by Gandhiji in 1920. Sikhs were very much affected by him.

On 15th November 1920 a mandate was issued to all sikhs to elect a representative body of panth to control all the gurudwaras. So SGPC came into existence.


NANKANA SAHIB TRAGEDY
On 20th February 1920 Bhai Lachhman Singh led a jattha to free nankana sahib from mahant Narain Das. Armed pathans hired by mahant killed almost 200 sikhs.


KEY AFFAIRS
On 7th November 1921 the deputy commisioner of amritsar took away the keys of golden temple.

CUTTING WOOD FOR LANGAR
At guru ka bagh gurudwara mahant sundar das had given the control but had in possession the surrounding land. When sikhs tried to cut a tree for fire to make langar at the gurudwara, they were arrested on the instigation of mahant and beaten seriously. Finally agitations resultedinto transfer of control of gurudwaras in the hands of sgpc.

JAITO DA MORCHA
Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of nabha observed the martyr day to honour sikhs whom laid down their lives at nankana sahib. He was resented and forced to abdicate. This led to morcha by the sikhs.

PUNJAB HISTORY - KUKA MOVEMENT

After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Baba Ram Singh left service in 1845 and went to his hometown bhaini, Ludhiana.

Aa the british annexed punjab, he felt deeply for the people. So he made plans to revive traditions of Guru Gobind Singhji.

In 1857, he made Sant Khalsa Organization. He appointed Suba, governors for collection of funds for the organization.

Name KUKA comes from the way as when they assembled ( folowers ), used to emit LOUD KUKs or voices in religious gatherings. On taking account of it, the government made restrictions. This led to their popularity.

In 1871, Kukas killed bucthers at amritsar and raikot. This resulted in their hanging in jails. Ram singh was exiled to burma. Subas were banished.

PUNJAB HISTORY - GHADAR MOVEMENT

Necessity of livelihood took punjabis to countries like canada and america. Soon the authorities began to see them as the reason for the bad economy in their country. So they tried to impose ill treatments. Restrictions were imposed on the punjabis. On advice of Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh And Bhai Paramand, Gadar parties were formed by punjabis. Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna was the president of the gahaar party. Hardayal was the secretary.

Head Quarter was shifted to san francisco. Journal named The Ghadar was published in three languages- urdu, punjabi and gujrati. Purpose of the journal was to enlist crimes perpetrated by the british in india and to arouse the self respect of the indians.


KAMAGATA MARU INCIDENT
There was a check on the influx of indians into the canada. Baba Gurdit Singh hired a japanese steamer ( Kamagata Maru ) and sailed to canada with 376 persons, They were not allowed to dock in the canadian port. Still 24 were taken on account of canadian domicine but the rest were left to rot in the ship. After two months, in the misery the ship moved to hong kong. There also they were not allowed to dock, and the same thing happened in singapore. All the food supplies were finished.Finally they reached calcutta, where they were caught by the british. Riots occurred and some were killed. Others were deported to punjab jails.


Ghadarites took strong note of it and sent there men to punjab. Secretly, they entered into army ranks to cause dissatisfaction among them. Night of 21st feb was fixed by Rash Bihari Bose for the revolt. But they were caught and tried under LAHORE CONSPIRACY CASE.

PUNJAB HISTORY - SOCIAL RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

In the mid nineteenth century after the annexation of punjab, their was an utter resentment, intolerance amoung the people of punjab. Also allowing of christian missionaries by the british led to the intolerance of religious people. So to improve the health of the society and people certain people came farward with the suggestions to bring a change.


HINDU MOVEMENTS

1- BHRAHMO SAMAJ

• Founded by Raja ram mohan rai.

2- DEV SAMAJ

• Founded by Pandit Satya Nand Agnihotri.

3- CHET RAMIS

• Founded by Chet Ram.

4- ARYA SAMAJ

• Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

5- SANATAN DHARMA SABHA

SIKH MOVEMENTS

1- GULABDASIS

• Founded by Pritam Das.

2- NIRANKARIS

• Founded by Dayal Das.

3- RADHA SOAMIS

• Founded by Shiv Dayal.

4- NAMDHARIS

• Founded by Bhagat Jawahar Mal ( Sai Sahab ).

5- GURU SINGH SABHA

• Founded by Gurmukh Singh.

6- KHALSA DEWAN.

7- CHIEF KHALSA DEWAN.

8- KHALSA TRACT SOCIETY

• Founded by Bhai Vir Singh.

MUSLIM MOVEMENTS

1- DITTE SHAHIS

• Founded by Ditte Shah.

2- ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM

3- ANJUMAN-I-ISLAMIA

4- QADIANI

1716 - 1765 AD HISTORY OF PUNJAB

Punjab saw the most fierest and bloddiest battles in the history of punjab during the period when the mughal rule was wakened and foreign invasions during the period 1716 - 1765 AD.


EXECUTION OF BANDA BAHADUR - The winning race which started from 1708 with the rising of banda bahadur by guru gobind singh ji ended with his execution by the moghul emperors in 1716.


MUGHAL EMERORS - From 1716- 1726, Abdus Samad Khan continued policy of suppression to crush sikhs completely. Emperor Farukh Shiar had already ordered for it.
From 1726 - 1745, mughal ordered search parties to catch and behead sikhs publicly called nikhas ( Shahid ganj ).
Haidri flag incident occurred between sikhs and muslims.
Zakria tried to ease sikhs by granting them jagirs.
During 1745 - 1747, Yahiya Khan supported bloody carnage ( Chotta Ghallughara ) between lakhpat rai and the sikhs.


BHAI MANI SINGH MARTYRDOM - Bhai Mani singh approached zakria with offering of 10000 rupees for permission to hold diwali at amritsar. Bhai Mani singh was not able to collect the amount, so he was forced to embrace islam. He refused, so was killed.


EMERGENCE OF DAL KHALSA- In 1934, against the ruthless behaviour of mughals, it was felt that sikhs should unite themselves against forces for punjab. Under leadership of Kapur Singh Faizalpuria, dal khalsa was formed. It had two wings, Buddha dal and Taruna dal. Buddha dal had the old and taruna dal had young members. In 1748, Chief command was given to Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. They offered scheme rakhi. Meeting of leaders called sarbat khalsa. Atlast in 1765, sikh rule was established in punjab after a three decade lon struggle with the mughals and afghans.


ABDALI INVASION - On shah nawaz invitation, ahmed shah abdali invaded india nine times. He was defeated by Mir Mannu in his first war but slowly was able to govern whole of punjab area under his control. This period saw a tripartite struggle for punjab between sikhs, abdal and mughal emperor.
Battle of panipat was fought in his 5th and marathas were defeated.
Vadda Ghallughara in 1962 occurd in his 6th invasion.
At last, Abdali had to leave punjab because of guerilla fights and courage shown by sikhs.


SIKH MISLS - Dal Khalsa was divided into 11-12 groups called as misls. 

TREATY OF AMRITSAR 1809

Treaty of amritsar was made between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British in the year 1809 to define their regions occupied in the punjab.


EVENTS OCCURRED

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an ambitious person, and he started occupying slowly regions of punjab.
• So, he crossed the satluj river to take possession of cis-satluj states.
• This made the chiefs of the region afraid.
• They met Mr. Seton in delhi.
• In view of the fer of franco-russian invasion, british made the policy to go in agreement with ranjit singh on 11th sept,1808. Negotiations broke off.
• Seeing the opportunity, Ranjit singh made his third attempted expedition.
• British relations with turkey led to disappear the fear of franco russian invasion, so the british came firmly.
• METCALFE series of visits finally lead to an agreement on 25th april,1809 when treaty of amritsar was signed.

TREATY POINTS

• Perpetual friendship shall persist between two sides.
• Territories acquired shall remain as with maharaja ranjit singh, But he will not advance further.

FIVE DOABS OF PUNJAB

DOAB is a persian term which means BETWEEN THE TWO. Doab is in context of punjabi language is interpreted as te area between the two rivers.


FIVE Doabs starting from east to west in the punjab region are,

• BIST JULLUNDHUR DOAB - Between SATLUJ and BEAS rivers.
• BARI DOAB - Between BEAS and RAVI rivers.
• RACHNA DOAB - Between RAVI and CHENAB rivers.
• CHAL / JECH DOAB - Between CHENAB and JHELUM rivers.
• SINDH SAGAR DOAB - Between JHELUM and INDUS rivers.

TYPES of COMPUTER NETWORKS

A network is a collection of two are more computers connected with each other to share information and data between them.


COMPUTER NETWORK TYPES

1. LAN - LOCAL AREA NETWORK.

• small an single site network.
• works over short distance.
• in a home, office, building.
• all are connected to a main computer called server.

2. WAN - WIDE AREA NETWORK.

• covers wide geographical area.
• requires router to connect.
• eg. INTERNET.

3. MAN - METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK.

• covers a town or a city.
• larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.
• eg. Cable tv network.

4. PAN - PERSONAL AREA NETWORK.

• Bluetooth, Z- wave, Zig bee.

5. VPN - VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK.

• private virtual network.

DATA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

DATA COMMUNICATION means exchange of data between devices of a computer with the help of cables.


SIGNAL TYPES

• Digital
• Analogue
• Hybrid

COMMUNICATION CHANNEL TYPES

• Simplex channel - One way communication.
• Half Duplex channel - Bidirectional but singular.
• Full Duplex Channel - Bi directional simultaneously.

CABLE TYPES

• Ethernet cable - Twisted pair cables.
• Co axial cable - Copper conductor surrounded by dielectric, braid and pvc sheath.
• Fiber optic cable - consists of glass core wire surrounded by cladding and protective coating.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

• Radio Waves.
• Micro Waves.
• Satellite Communications.
• Bluetooth.
• Infra red.

MICROSOFT WINDOWS VERSIONS

WINDOWS is a famous operating system of computers made by MICROSOFT.

WINDOWS NT

• introduced in 1993.
• made for specific business offerings.
• based on high level language.

WINDOWS 95

• in 1995.
• GUI based operating system.

WINDOWS 98

• in 1998
• first OS to use Windows Driver Model.
• supports peripheral devices.

WINDOWS ME

• in 2000.
• called MILLENNIUM EDITION.
• uses Multilingual User Interface.

WINDOWS XP

• in 2001.
• XP for EXPERIENCE.
• had home edition and professional edition.

WINDOWS VISTA

• in 2007.
• enhanced visual style features like bar with widgets like notes, watch.

WINDOWS 7

• in 2009.
• was an upgrade of win vista.

WINDOWS 8

• IN 2012.
• supports Dynamic Virtual Disk.
• 3D graphic support.
• Mobile like visual interface.
• based on metro design language.

MALWARE AND THREATS TO COMPUTER

MALWARE or malicious software is a program which when gets an entry into a computer can cause various types of damages to the computer.

SOURCES

• Downloaded files and programs
• E Mail attachments
• Booting of an unknown CD
• Attaching an unknown Pendrive or an SD card.
• Cracked software.

TYPES

• VIRUS - Vital information resource under threat. Attaches itself to other programs and harms by negatively.
• WORMS - Are invisible self replicating files.
• TROJAN - Facilitates unauthorized access and steal information.
• SPYWARE - Collects all spying information from a computer when installed.

THREATS

• SPOOFING - Unauthorized access by accessing the ip adress and pretending to be a legitimate user. Also called as MASQUERADE.
• PHISHING - Attempting to acquire sensitive information by fraud. eg. Emails asking for password and login bank accounts.
• SPAM - Sending bulk messages by email.
• ADWARE - Unwanted advertisements shown on the software downloaded. eg. Moviemode.
• CRACKING - Cracking softwares to know passwords and serial logins.
• ROOTKIT - Break into a computer system without getting detected with the help of software.

HOW TO HAVE PROPER COMPUTER SECURITY

• Antivirus software
• Firewall
• Antispy software
• Digital certificate of the site which tries to open and of software.

SPOOLING VS SPOOFING

SPOOLING

• Spool means buffer or a temporary storage area.
• Is the process of sending the data to a spool of the computer memory.
• Is important as their is always a time lag between sending and execution of the data, soin the meantime it rests in a temporary space.
• eg. Printing of multiple documents.

SPOOFING

• Unauthorized access.
• Also known as MASQUERADE.
• eg. Enter in another computer by accessing an ip address, i.e. via network and pretend to be a legitimate user.

INTERNET COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

A COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL is a set of rules which govern the communication of data across the internet.


TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL ( TCP/IP)

• provides end to end connectivity.
• TCP ensures messages sent from the sender and received by the receiver are properly transported.
• IP allows different computers to form a network.

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL ( FTP )

• Upload, Transfer and Download of files between two computers on the internet network.
• Easiest way to transfer data.

HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL ( HTTP )

• determines formatting and transfer of webpages.
• Web pages follow HTML Language.

TELNET PROTOCOL

• Bidirectional text oriented communication between two devices over the internet.

USENET PROTOCOL

• helps users share a common space over the internet by discussion, views and ideas called as newsgroups or forums.

POINT TO POINT PROTOCOL ( PPP )

• Dial up network.

WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL

• Works on small handy devices like mobile phones.
• eg. WAP Browser.

VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL ( VIOP )

• allows communication through voice.
• IP calls like on SKYPE.

XMPP

• eg. WHATSAPP.

COMPUTER AND MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM OS

# OPERATING SYSTEM or OS is the main program or the software which acts as an interface between the user and the computer components.

# Operating system is a set of programs which control and coordinate the processes of the computer device.

# Manages the hardware and the application software.


FUNCTIONS

• Abstraction
• Easy availability of resources
• Pleasant user interface
• Speed 
• Accuracy
• Memory
• File manager

EXAMPLES

• MS-DOS
• Windows
• UNIX
• LINUX
• Lynx

MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS

• Android
• Symbian
• iOS
• Blackberry

BOOTING - Means start of an operating system when the computer is switched on.

• Cold Booting - Starting after complete shut down.
• Warm Booting - By pressing RESTART button.

USER INTERFACE - interaction plane between the user and the computer.

• GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE - use of symbols, metaphors and pointing devices to communicate.
• CHARACTER USER INTERFACE - by typing commands.

CORROSION / WEEPING of METAL

CORROSION is defined as the deterioration or destruction of metals and alloys in the presence of an environment by chemical or electrochemical means.

# Also said as reaction of metal with the environmental species.

# ( IUPAC ) Is an irreversible inter-facial reaction of a material with its environment, which results in consumption or dissolution into the material of a component of the environment.


CLASSIFICATION

• Chemical and Electrochemical
• Wet and Dry 

TYPES OF CORROSION

• UNIFORM CORROSION - occurs on the whole surface.
• PITTING CORROSION - occurs in the local pits on a surface.
• CREVICE CORROSION - occurs on the grooves when bolts are present.
• GALVANIC CORROSION - occurs when two metals come in contact, and the reactive metal gets corroded leaving the other metal safe.
• ENVIRONMENTAL CORROSION - occurs due to bad harsh conditions.
• STRESS CORROSION - occurs due to severe stress causing damage to the metal.
• FRETTING CORROSION - due to repeated wearing off of the machinery components.

FACTORS CAUSING CORROSION

• Oxygen
• Moisture
• Reactivity of the metal
• Electrolyte presence
• Galvanization
• Pollutants like NO2 CO2.
• High temperature
• Surface ( Rough or Smooth ) Nature
• Humidity

PREVENTION FROM CORROSION

• Electroplating - coating with another metal with help of electricity.
• Barrier protection - with paints and enamels.
• Rective Coating - coating with a more reactive metal which gets corroded ( Sacrificial ).
• Anodization - Electrochemical method of depositing an inert and stable oxide layer which is more durable and decorative ( Aluminium ).
• Cathodic Protection - A more reactive metal is attached via wire, to the underground pipelines and tanks, which by the principle of galvanization gets reduced and keeps the tanks safe.

COMPUTER AN INTRODUCTION

# A COMPUTER can be called as an electronically operated machine that accepts user information, processes according to the set of given informations and finally displays the result data.

# A COMPUTER can be said as the combination of hardware and software which converts data into information.

HARDWARE - Physical elements of a computer.

SOFTWARE - Set of programs and instructions fed into the computer.

DATA - Raw ( unprocessed ) data fed into the computer.

INFORMATION - Processed information.

INSTRUCTIONS - Commands given to a computer.

PROGRAM - Set of instructions fed into a computer.


FUNCTIONS  -

• INPUT
• PROCESSING OF RAW DATA INTO INFORMATION.
• OUTPUT
• STORAGE

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

• Education in the form of virtual classrooms.
• Government in the form of keeping and organizing big logs and records.
• banks to keep them online and speed of working.
• Industry as some of the robotic machines work with the help of computers.
• Multimedia as all the graphics and special effects are created by the computers.

ADVANTAGES

• Speed
• Accuracy
• Multitasking
• Simplicity and ease of use.
• Fast connectivity.
• Enjoyment and fun.

TYPES

On the basis of size,

• Microcomputer - Personal computers and notebooks.
• Mainframe computer
• Minicomputer
• Supercomputer

On the basis of working system,

• Analogue
• Digital
• Hybrid

On the basis of purpose,

• General
• Specific.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

# A PROGRAM a set of instructions fed into a computer according to which the computer processes the raw data into an organised information.

# A SOFTWARE is a collection of computer programs.

A software is an interface between the user and the computer.


SOFTWARE TYPES

• System Software
• Application Software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

• Required for functioning and interaction of individual hardware components of computer.
• Acts as an interface between user and the computer.
• Application software require system software for working.
• Some are called as SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS which include OPERATING SYSTEM and DEVICE DRIVERS.
• Some are called DEVELOPING SOFTWARE which include PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, TRANSLATORS, LOADER and LINKER.

OPERATING SYSTEM consists of programs which controls and coordinates various activities of individual components of computer.

DEVICE DRIVER assists the operating system in making a particular device attached to a computer as functional.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

• Designed to perform various tasks on the computer.
• MS Word, Presentation, Spreadsheets, DBMS, Desktop publishing software are examples.
• For specific purposes, software are made like Reservation System, Accounting software, Attendance System, Billing System.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

A computer consists of three main components

1. Input / Output Unit i/o
2. Central processing unit ( CPU )
3. Memory unit

INPUT / OUTPUT UNIT ( I/O )

• Information and the data is received and the processed data is sent to the external world through devices.
• Input devices collect the information and give it to the CPU.
• Output devices send out the processed results.
• Input / Output Devices of Computer

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

• Transfers the instructions received to the registers.
• EXECUTES the instructions.
• Transfers the results to the output devices.
• Called as the THE BRAIN OF THE COMPUTER.
• Fabricated as the single integrated chip called microprocessor.
• performs arithmetic and logical operations.

PARTS OF CPU

• ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT - performs all types of arithmetic and logic operations on the data provided from the input devices.
• REGISTERS - Are temporary memory units for immediate processing of data.
• CONTROL UNIT - Coordinates with input and output units.

MEMORY UNIT

• Stores the data and instructions.
• Computer Memory Basics.

COMPUTER PARTS INTERCONNECTIONS

• connected through wires called as BUS.

MOTHERBOARD - Main circuit board of the computer.

INSTRUCTION CYCLE - 

• Sequence of events that occur in an instruction.
• FETCH--> DECODE--> EXECUTE-->STORE-->FETCH----->

MACHINE LANGUAGE - Under stood as Os and 1s.

INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES of COMPUTER

*interaction of a computer with the external environment via input output devices i/o.


INPUT DEVICES - Allows the user to feed the data into the computer.

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Joystick
• Lightpen
• Bar code scanner
• Optical mark reader
• Touch screens
• Microphone
• Webcam
• Scanner
• Smart card reader
• Biometric Scanner
• Optical character reader

OUTPUT DEVICES - Communicate the results produced to the outer world.

• Monitor
• Printer
• Plotter
• Speaker
• Headphones
• Projectors

i/o ports - are wires connecting different parts of a computer.

• Parallel port
• Serial port
• USB
• Firewire

COMPUTER MEMORY BASICS

Computer memory means storage of data and instructions required during the processing of data and output results.

TYPES OF MEMORY

- Primary / Main Memory

- Secondary / Auxiliary Memory


PRIMARY MEMORY

• The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU.
• Allows the computer to store data for immediate manipulation.
• Keep track of what is currently happening.
• VOLATILE in nature ( When computer is turned off, it is lost ).

TYPES OF PRIMARY MEMORY

- Random Access Memory

• Dynamic RAM
• Static RAM 

- Read Only Memory

• Programmable ROM ( PROM )
• Erasable ROM ( EROM )
• Erasable Programmable ROM ( EPROM )
• Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM ( EEPROM )

SECONDARY MEMORY

• Data is not directly processed by CPU.
• Used to store data and programs when it is not in use.
• Stores much larger amount of information.
• NONVOLATILE ( It is retained and not lost even if the computer is switched off. )
• Are basically storage devices.

Secondary Memory Storage Devices

• Magnetic discs - HDD, Memory Stick, Floppy.
• Optical Disks - CD, DVD, Blue ray discs.
• Pen drives.

MEMORY HIERARCHY

• Computer uses hierarchy in a manner to enable the fast speed and large capacity.
• CAPACITY and ACCESS TIME are two key factors.
• Lesser the access time, faster is the speed of memory.

CPU-->REGISTER-->CACHE-->MAIN MEMORY-->MAGNETIC DISK-->MAGNETIC TAPE

MEMORY MEASUREMENT

BIT - Binary Digit means 0 or 1

BYTE - means one character ( a letter, a symbol, a number, a group of 8 bits )

NIBBLE - 4 bits

KB --> MB --> GB--> TB --> PB --> EB --> ZB

1KB - 1024 Bytes.

GURU GRANTH SAHIB facts

Guru Granth sahib, the famous and the most sacred scripture of sikh religion contains the creations (BANIs) compiled during 12 - 17th century.

Written by 6 gurus, 15 bhagats, 11 bhatts and 4 pious sikhs.

Bhai Gurdas Ji started writing Guru Granth Sahib

Editied by Guru Arjan Dev Ji

Contains

• 1430 pages ( Angas )
• 5763 couplets ( Shabads, Shaloks )
• 10,24,000 words

Six Gurus were

• Guru Nanak Dev ji
• Guru Angad Dev ji
• Guru Amar Das ji
• Guru Ram Das ji
• Guru Arjan Dev ji
• Guru Teg Bahadur ji

15 Bhagats ( Devotees )

• Farid ji
• Namdev ji
• Ravidas ji
• Trilochan ji
• Beini ji
• Jai Dev ji
• Parmanand ji
• Peepa ji
• Ramanand ji
• Kabir ji
• Dhanna ji
• Bheekhan ji
• Sain ji
• Sadhna ji
• Soordas ji

11 Bhatts ( Bards )

• Mathura 
• Balh
• Bhallh
• Bheekha
• Jaalap
• Nalh
• Sallh
• Keerat
• Haribans
• Gayand

4 Gursikhs ( Pious Sikhs )

• Bhai Sundar
• Bhai Balwand
• Bhai Mardana
• Bhai Satta

31 RAGAS in Guru Granth Sahib

• Aasa
• Gaurhi
• Devgandhari
• Gujri
• Bihagrha
• Siri
• Maajh
• Sorath
• Dhanasri
• Jaitsri
• Bairahi
• Todi
• Vadhans
• Tilang
• Soohi
• Gaund
• Bilawal
• Ramkali
• Mali gaurha
• Tukhari
• Bhairav
• Sarang
• Kanrha
• Prabhati
• Jaijavanti
• Kalyan
• Malhar
• Basant
• Kedara
• Maaru
• Nat narayan

SIKH MISLS during 1764 - 1799 AD PUNJAB

During 1764 AD the empire of Ahmed shah abdali ( durrani ) got weakened and their was full chaotic scene in punjab as no leader of sikhs was present to counter the attack made by afgans. So, sikhs of different regions of punjab assembled to form groups which were called misls to counter the attack and to form some defence against any foreign attack. During 1790s Maharaja Ranjit singh played significant role in joining all groups to form a stable defence system in punjab against any foreign attack.

Each group had a commander and controlled a particular area. Their were 12 misls to the latest knowledge.

1. BHANGI / BHUMA Misl - led by Sardar Hari Singh Bhangi 
2. KANAHIYA Misl - Sardar Jai Singh Kanahiya
3. DALLEWALIA Misl - Sardar Gulab Singh Dallewalia
4. KARORH SINGHIA / PANJGARHIA Misl - Sardar Karora singh 
5. NAKAI Misl - Sardar Hira Singh Nikai
6. SHAHEEDAN Misl - Sardar Baba Deep Singh
7. AHLUWALIA Misl - Sardar Sultan ul Quam baba Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
8. FAIZALPURIA / SINGHPURIA Misl - Sadar Nawab Kapur Singh
9. RAMGARHIA Misl - Sardar Nand Singh and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
10. SHUKARCHAKIA Misl - Sardar Naudh Singh
11. NISHANWALIA Misl - Sardar Dasaundha Singh
12. PHULKIAN Misl - Ala Singh

How to BLOCK the person WHOM BLOCKED YOU ON FACEBOOK

Mitro, sometimes it comes to my mind that someone blocked me with a grief and a bit of anger if I have done nothing wrong.

So I think what if the other person has just blocked me to show others his act of bravery and making me seen as the culprit.

Even if I move on with this thinking and try to leave the past, but it affects me that may sometime try to unblock me and see my timeline and invade my privacy, this makes me fill with fear and anger as the person may exploit me in the future.

So what should I Do ?

BLOCK THE PERSON WHOM BLOCKED ME :)

HERE ARE THE STEPS :-

• LOG IN TO FACEBOOK ACCOUNT.
• OPEN SETTINGS.
• CLICK ON THE BLOCKING WORD PRESENT ON THE LEFT BAR.
• IN THE SPACE PROVIDED IN BLOCK USERS, TYPE THE NAME OF THAT PERSON.
• EVEN IF HE HAS BLOCKED YOU, HIS NAME WILL APPEAR ON THE LIST. YOU WILL NEVER FIND THAT PERSON ANYWHERE ELSE WITH THE ID OF YOURS BUT HERE.
• CLICK ON THE NAME AND CLICK BLOCK.
• THAT IS ALL, HE IS BLOCKED.

now you are free from the worry that he may ever invade your privacy. 

good luck.

PUNJAB at a GLANCE

Punjab state came into existence on 1st, November 1966

Capital - Chandigarh shared with Haryana state

Area : 50,362 sq. km

Latitude : 29 degree 30 min N to 32 degree 32 minute N

Longitude : 73 degree 55 min E to 76 degree 50 min E

Altitude : 180 - 300 meters from sea level

Population : 27,704,236 according to 2011 census

Population density : 550 per sq. km

Male population : 14,634,819 ( 53.30% )

Female population : 13,069,417 ( 46.69% )

Sex ratio : 893

literacy rate : 76.7%, ( 81.5% Male and 71.3% Female )

Per capita income : Rs 28,605 annual

Districts : 22

Largest city : Ludhiana

Religions : Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Buddhists and Jain

Languages : Punjabi, Hindi, English and Urdu.

Time zone : GMT + 5:30 : IST

Average rainfall : 375.2 mm

Lok sabha seats : 13

Rajya sabha seats : 7

legislative assembly seats : 117

High court : Punjab and haryana high court, chandigarh

Principal mineral : Lime stone

Principal Job : Farming

PUNJAB HISTORY TIMELINE

2600 - 1900 BC - Harappa civilization

1500 -1000 BC - Vedic civilization

599 BC - Jainism

567 - 487 BC - Buddhism

550 - 515 BC - Persian invasion

326 BC - Alexander invasion

322 - 185BC - Mauryan empire

45 - 180 AD - Kushana empire

200 - 400 AD - Indo synthians

320 - 550 AD - Gupta empire

500 AD - Hunas invasion

510 - 650 AD - Vardhana period

770 - 810 AD - Palas

647 - 1192 AD - Rajput period

711 - 713 - Mohammed bin Qasim conquered sindh and punjab from Omayyad caliphate

713 - 1300 AD - Delhi Sultanade

1206 - 1290 AD - Mamluk dynasty by Mohammed ghori

1290 - 1320 AD - Khiljis dynasty by Jalalud din khilji

1320 - 1413 AD - Tughlaq dynasty by ghiyasuddin tughlaq

1414 - 1451 AD - Sayyid dynasty by Khirz khan

1451- 1526 AD - lodhi dynasty by Bahlul lodhi

1526 AD - Mughal rule STARTS

1526 - 1530 AD - Babur

1530 - 1440 AD - Humayu

1540 - 1545 AD - Sher Shan Suri

1545 - 1554 AD - Islam shan suri

1555 AD - Humayu

1556 AD - Hem chandra vikramaditya

1556 - 1605 AD - Jalalud din Mohammed Akbar

1605 - 1627 AD - Jahangir

1627 - 1658 AD - Shan jahan

1658 - 1707 AD - Aurangzeb

1707 AD - Mughal rule WEAKENS

List Council of Ministers Cabinet Punjab Updated

list of council of ministers in the punjab cabinet along with their departments they handle are as follows,

Prakash S. Badal - Chief Minister

• Personnel
• Co operation
• Vigilance
• General administration
• Science, technology and environent
• Civil aviation

Sukhbir S. Badal - Deputy CM

• Home
• Housing and urban development
• Investment promotion
• Power
• Excise and taxation
• Sports and youth welfare

Bhagat Chunni lal

• Forest and wildlife
• Labour

Adesh Pratap S. Kairon

• Food supplies and consumer affairs
• Food processing

Ajit S.Kohar

• Transport
• Election
• Legal and legislature affairs
• Employment generation and training

Gulzar S. Ranike

• Animal husbandary and fisheries
• Welfare for SCs and BCs
• Dairy development

Madan Mohan Mittal

• industries and commerce
• Parliamentary affairs
• Technical education and industrial training

Parminder S. Dhindsa

• Finance and planning
• Program implementation
• Industrial finance and banking

Sohal S. Thandal

• Jails
• printing and stationary
• Tourism, cultural affairs, architechture and museums

Janmeja S. Sekhon

• PWD
• Removal of grieviences and welfare of pensioners
• Defence service welfare

Surjit K. Jiyani

• Health and  family welfare
• Social women and child

Tota Singh

• Agriculture
• NRI

Bikram S. Majithia

• Revenue, rehabilitation and disaster management
• Information and public relation
• Non conventional energy

Sikander S. Malooka

• Rural development and panchayat

Anil Joshi

• Local government
• Medical education and and research

Surjit S. Rakhra

• Water supply and sanittion
• Higher education and language

Sharnjit S. Dhillon

• Irrigation

Daljit S. Cheema

• Education